Names of the surviving children appear in italics. These children were placed in Utah homes after the massacre of their families and in some cases were renamed. According to Mormon practice, new children in a family, including adopted children, are named and blessed in local congregational meetings. This ceremony is not the same as christening or baptism by which people enter into the faith; rather it is intended as a blessing to guide the child’s life.¹

The lists are arranged alphabetically by family name and then by age within each immediate family group. Children’s names are indented after the names of their parents. Listed after each name is the person’s age at the time of the massacre. Ages are approximated from federal census records and other available family history resources. Letters at the end of each entry indicate which individuals were memorialized as victims of the massacre on monuments in Harrison, Arkansas, and at Mountain Meadows, as well as in a program published for the 1999 memorial service at Mountain Meadows. H designates the Harrison, Arkansas, monument, dedicated in November 1955; M the Mountain Meadows monument, dedicated September 15, 1990; and MS the program for the memorial service held when some of the victims’ remains were re-interred at Mountain Meadows on September 10, 1999.

Aden, William Allen, 19. From Henry County, Tennessee, where his father, a prominent doctor, had once sheltered Mormon missionary William Leany. Aden crossed the plains with another train but joined the Arkansas company around Parowan, where he visited Leany. He was shot on Monday, September 7, at Leach’s Spring by William C. Stewart.² _{H, M, MS}
Baker, George W., 27. A son of John Twitty Baker, he traveled to California during the Gold Rush, spending time in Stockton, Sonora, and Columbia. He planned on settling in California. According to his daughter, Sarah Frances, he was wounded before the final massacre and was loaded in one of the lead wagons.³ _{H, M, MS}
Baker, Manerva Ann Beller, 25. Older sister of David W. and Melissa Ann Beller. _{H, M, MS}
Mary Lovina, 7. During the massacre, her sister, Martha, saw her being led by a couple of men over a ridge.⁴ _{H, M, MS}
Martha Elizabeth, 5. After the massacre, she was left with Amos Thornton’s family at Pinto. She was blessed a month after the massacre and given the name of Betsy Whittaker. Martha was recovered by government officials in 1859 and returned to Arkansas. She later married James William Terry of Harrison, Arkansas, and was residing there at her death in 1940. Near the end of her life, several massacre accounts attributed to her were published.⁵ _{H, M, MS}
Sarah Frances, 2. She remembered that before the final massacre she was loaded in a wagon with both wounded parents, her sister Martha, and her brother William. She said the same bullet that killed her father took a nick out of her left ear. She was later recovered from the home of Charles Hopkins in Cedar City. She eventually married Joseph A. Gladden and moved to Muskogee, Oklahoma. After Gladden’s death, she married Manley C. Mitchell. She died in Muskogee in 1947.⁶ _{H, M, MS}
William Twitty, 9 months. He was recovered from the home of Sarah and David Williams in Cedar City. William later worked as a farmer, married twice and was the father of fourteen children. He died in Searcy County, Arkansas, in 1937.⁷ _{H, M, MS}
Baker, John Twitty, 52. An imposing figure with a long beard, Jack Baker, as he was commonly known, organized an emigrant company of his family and friends at Beller’s Stand, near Harrison, Arkansas, in the spring of 1857. He left his wife, Mary, and some grown children in Carroll County and planned to meet up with them again after selling his cattle in California. His train eventually joined with another group organized by Alexander Fancher. According to one of the surviving children, Nancy Saphrona Huff, Jack was carrying her in his arms when he was killed.⁸ _{H, M, MS}
Baker, Abel, 19. He was probably one of three men who left the wagon corral during the week of the massacre to seek help in California. He made it as far as the Cottonwoods beyond Las Vegas, when he came upon two Mormon brothers returning to Utah from San Bernardino, California. They took him under their protection until he was discovered and killed by a group of Paiutes led by Mormon militiaman Ira Hatch.⁹_{H, M, MS}
Beach, John, 21. He stood four feet six inches and was known for being very dextrous. He was probably hired as a drover for the cattle.¹⁰ _{M, MS}
Beller, David W., 12. Brother of Manerva Ann Beller Baker. An orphan in the custody of George Baker.¹¹ _{H, M, MS}
Beller, Melissa Ann, 14. Sister of Manerva Ann Beller Baker. An orphan in the custody of George Baker.¹² _{H, M, MS}
Cameron, William, 51. He lived in Carroll County before moving to Johnson County, Arkansas, his home previous to his journey west.¹³ _{H, M, MS}
Cameron, Martha, 51. _{H, M, MS}
Tillman, 24. He owned the racehorse called “One-Eye Blaze.” He had been in business at Fort Smith, Arkansas, before joining his family on the trip west.¹⁴ _{M, MS}
Isom, 18. _{M, MS}
Henry, 16. _{M, MS}
James, 14. _{M, MS}
Martha, 11. _{M, MS}
Larkin, 8. _{M, MS}
Cameron, Nancy, 12. Niece of William Cameron.¹⁵ _{M, MS}
Cooper, William E., 29. A carriage maker by trade, he and his wife, Abbey, were living in Davenport, Scott County, Iowa in 1856.¹⁶
Cooper, Abbey, 29.
Deshazo, Allen P., 22. Brother-in-law of John H. Baker, who was John Twitty Baker’s son. He left Arkansas with John T. Baker’s company, taking with him a small cattle herd and a violin. He may have worked as a cattle drover during the trip.¹⁷ _{H, M, MS}
Dunlap, Jesse, Jr., 39. Brother of Lorenzo D. Dunlap. Also the brother-in-law and mercantile partner of William C. Mitchell, a former Arkansas state senator and father of Charles and Joel Mitchell.¹⁸_{H, M, MS}
Dunlap, Mary Wharton, 39. Sister of Nancy Wharton Dunlap. _{H, M, MS}
Ellender, 18. _{M, MS}
Nancy M., 16. _{M, MS}
James D., 14. _{M, MS}
Lucinda, 12. Twin sisters Lucinda and Susannah were reportedly murdered after most of the emigrants were already dead.¹⁹ _{M, MS}
Susannah, 12. _{M, MS}
Margarette, 11. _{M, MS}
Mary Ann, 9.²⁰ _{M, MS}
Rebecca Jane, 6. She claimed that David Tullis killed one of her parents. She also held Albert Hamblin responsible for the death of her twin sisters. She lived at the home of Jacob and Rachel Hamblin until 1859, when she was returned to Arkansas. She married John Wesley Evins and resided in Calhoun and then Drew County, Arkansas. Her account of the massacre was published in 1897. She died in 1914.²¹ _{H, M, MS}
Louisa, 4. Was living with Jacob Hamblin when she was recovered in 1859. She eventually married James M. Linton and settled first in Pope County, Arkansas, and later in Oklahoma. She died in 1926.²² _{H, M, MS}
Sarah Elizabeth, 1. She was “shot through one of her arms, below the elbow, by a large ball, breaking both bones, and cutting the arm half off.” While living with the Hamblins she developed an eye infection and eventually went blind. She later married James Lynch, who assisted in recovering the surviving children. She died in 1901.²³ _{H, M, MS}
Dunlap, Lorenzo Dow, 42. Brother of Jesse Dunlap Jr. and brother-in-law of William C. Mitchell.²⁴ _{H, M, MS}
Dunlap, Nancy Wharton, 42. Sister of Mary Wharton Dunlap. _{M, MS}
Thomas J., 18. _{M, MS}
John H., 16. _{M, MS}
Mary Ann, 13. _{M, MS}
Talitha Emaline, 11. _{M, MS}
Nancy, 9. _{M, MS}
America Jane, 7. _{M, MS}
Prudence Angeline, 5. She lived with the Samuel Jewkes family in Cedar City and was blessed and given the name Angeline Jewkes on April 24, 1858. She was recovered and returned to Arkansas in 1859. She married Claiborne Hobbs Koen and settled in Texas. She died in 1918.²⁵ _{H, M, MS}
Georgia Ann, 18 months. After the massacre, she first lived in the home of Philip Klingensmith, who later gave her to Jane and Richard Birkbeck in Cedar City. On October 24, 1857, she was blessed and given the name Eliza K. Smith. After her return to Arkansas, she eventually married George Marshall McWhirter and settled in Dallas, Texas. She died in 1920.²⁶ _{H, M, MS}
Eaton, William M., adult, age unknown. Originally from Indiana, he appears to have been farming in Illinois when he met some Arkansans visiting relatives who were planning to travel west. He sold his farm and took his wife and child back to Indiana before joining the emigrants.²⁷ _{H, M, MS}
Edwards, Silas, 26. After the massacre, Isaac Haight was seen riding Edwards’s large bay horse.²⁸ _{M, MS}
Fancher, Alexander, 45. Described as “tall, slim, erect, of dark complexion, a singer, and a born leader and organizer of men.” He served in the Carroll County militia to end the Tutt-Everett War in neighboring Marion County, Arkansas. He led his own company west and probably captained the combined Arkansas company that formed in Salt Lake City before heading south. He was reportedly killed in one of the early attacks previous to the final massacre.²⁹ _{H, M, MS}
Fancher, Eliza Ingram, 33. _{H, M, MS}
Hampton, 19. _{H, M, MS}
William, 17. _{H, M, MS}
Mary, 15. _{H, M, MS}
Thomas, 14. _{H, M, MS}
Martha, 10. _{H, M, MS}
Margaret A., 8. _{H, M, MS}
Sarah G., 8. _{H, M, MS}
Christopher “Kit” Carson, 5. Following the massacre, he was taken to the home of John D. Lee at Harmony. On November 1, 1857, he was blessed and given the name Charles Lee. He and his sister Triphenia were taken back to Arkansas in 1859, where he died in 1873 at the home of his cousin Hampton Bynum Fancher.³⁰ _{H, M, MS}
Triphenia D., 22 months. She was recovered from the home of Elenor and Joseph H. Smith in Cedar City. She married James Chaney Wilson and had eleven children. She died in Carroll County, Arkansas in 1897.³¹ _{H, M, MS}
Fancher, James Mathew, 25. Cousin of Alexander Fancher and brother of Robert Fancher. Commonly known as Matt Fancher, he lived in Carroll County, Arkansas, before going west.³² _{H, M, MS}
Fancher, Frances “Fanny” Fulfer, age unknown.³³ _{M, MS}
Fancher, Robert, 19. Cousin of Alexander Fancher and brother of James M. Fancher.³⁴ _{H, M, MS}
Gresly, John, 21. Possibly the man identified as the troublesome “German” or “Dutchman” alluded to in massacre accounts. Born in Pennsylvania to German parents.³⁵
Hamilton. Emigrant Francis Eaton King identified a Hamilton with the Arkansas companies. John D. Lee said a man named Hamilton met him outside of the emigrant’s corral before the final massacre and acted as the emigrants’ spokesman.³⁶ _{H, M, MS}
Huff, Saladia Ann Brown, 38. Saladia’s husband, Peter Huff, died en route before reaching Salt Lake City. The Huffs were living in Benton County, Arkansas, when they sold their property in March 1857 in preparation to settle in California. Her daughter Nancy Saphrona remembered seeing her shot in the forehead and fall dead during the massacre.³⁷ _{H, M, MS}
John, 14. Likely one of the unidentified Huff sons listed on the monuments. _{M, MS}
William C., 13. _{M, MS}
Mary E., 11.
James K., 8. Likely one of the unidentified Huff sons listed on the monuments. _{M, MS}
Nancy Saphrona, 4. She remembered being held in the arms of John Twitty Baker when he was killed, and also witnessed her mother being shot. She stated, “At the close of the massacre there was 18 children still alive, one girl, some ten or twelve years old they said was t[o]o big and could tell so they killed her, leaving 17.” In 1859 she was recovered in Toquerville, Utah, at the home of Frances and John Willis, who had moved from Cedar City a year earlier. After being retrieved in 1859 she went to live with her maternal grandfather in Tennessee. She married George Dallas Cates and moved to Yell County, Arkansas. In 1875 at the same time of the first John D. Lee trial, her account of the massacre was published. She died in 1878.³⁸ _{H, M, MS}
son, age unknown.³⁹
Jones, John Milum, 32. Brother of Newton Jones and son-in-law of Cyntha Tackitt. He left Johnson County, Arkansas, along with his brother, the Tackitts, the Poteets, and others.⁴⁰ _{H, M, MS}
Jones, Eloah Angeline Tackitt, 26. Daughter of Cyntha Tackitt. _{H, M, MS}
child, age unknown.⁴¹ _{H, M, MS}
Felix Marion, 18 months. Government officials misidentified Felix as “Elisha Huff” and also “Ephraim Huff” when they recovered him from the home of Mary Ann and William C. Stewart in Cedar City. Later, after his return to Arkansas, he moved to Texas where he married Martha Ann Reed and fathered five children. He died in 1932.⁴² _{H, M, MS}
Jones, Newton, 23. Brother and business partner of John M. Jones. Newton owned oxen and half the wagon that he and his brother used to go west.⁴³ _{M, MS}
McEntire, Lawson A., 21. His brother, John, had gone west several years earlier, but died of tuberculosis in Salt Lake City. Lawson probably worked as a drover for the wagon train.⁴⁴ _{H, M, MS}
Miller, Josiah (Joseph), 30. The uncle of Armilda Miller Tackitt, he and his family lived in Crawford County, Arkansas, before heading west.⁴⁵ _{H, M, MS}
Miller, Matilda Cameron, 26. Daughter of William and Martha Cameron. _{H, M, MS}
James William, 9. _{M, MS}
John Calvin, 6. Government officials originally identified the surviving Miller children with the surname of “Sorel.” In one of the most poignant details of the massacre, John remembered pulling arrows from the back of his mother’s body until she died. Afterwards, he was taken into the home of the Elisha H. Groves family in Harmony. He was blessed and given the name of John Groves on November 1, 1857. Because he was one of the oldest children to survive the massacre he was taken to Washington D.C. to be “examined by the government” of what he remembered.⁴⁶ _{H, M, MS}
Mary, 4. She was recovered from the home of the John Morris family in Cedar City. Little else is known about her later life.⁴⁷ _{H, M, MS}
Joseph, 1. He was taken to the home of Agnes and Alexander Ingram at Harmony. He was blessed and given the name Louis Gordon Ingram on November 1, 1857. He was the last of the surviving children to be recovered in 1859, when he was retrieved from the Ingrams, who by that time were living in Pocketville. As an adult, he went by the name of William Tillman Miller. He married Brancey Ann Reese Boyd or Boyed in Navarro County, Texas, and was the father of six children. He later moved to California and died in Turlock, Stanislaus County, California in 1940.⁴⁸ _{H, M, MS}
Mitchell, Charles R., 25. Brother of Joel D. Mitchell, son of prominent Arkansan William C. Mitchell, and nephew of Jesse and Lorenzo Dunlap. From Carroll County, Arkansas.⁴⁹ _{H, M, MS}
Mitchell, Sarah C. Baker, 21. Daughter of John Twitty Baker. _{H, M, MS}
John, infant. _{H, M, MS}
Mitchell, Joel D., 23. Brother of Charles R. Mitchell, son of William C. Mitchell, and nephew of Jesse and Lorenzo Dunlap.⁵⁰ _{H, M, MS}
Prewit, John, 20. Brother of William Prewit. From Marion County, Arkansas, he was probably hired as a drover.⁵¹ _{H, M, MS}
Prewit, William, 18. Brother of John Prewit. He was probably hired as a drover.⁵² _{H, M, MS}
Rush, Milum Lafayette, 29. His wife and two young children remained in Arkansas.⁵³ _{H, M, MS}
Tackitt, Cyntha, 49. Commonly known as “Widow Tackitt” because her husband, Martin Tackitt, had died several years before she traveled west. She and her family left from Johnson County, Arkansas, and were traveling to Tuolumne County, California, where one of her sons resided.⁵⁴ _{H, M, MS}
William H., 23. _H
Marion, 20. _{H, M, MS}
Sebron, 18. _{M, MS}
Matilda, 16. _{M, MS}
James M., 14. _{M, MS}
Jones M., 12. _{M, MS}
Tackitt, Pleasant, 25. Son of Cyntha Tackitt, he left from Johnson County, Arkansas.⁵⁵ _{H, M, MS}
Tackitt, Armilda Miller, 22. The niece of Josiah (Joseph) Miller.⁵⁶ _{H, M, MS}
Emberson Milum, 4. He recalled his aunt Eloah Tackitt Jones using a slain emigrant’s gun to fight back during the first attack against the emigrants. After the massacre, he was taken to the home of the John M. Higbee family in Cedar City. After he was recovered in 1859, he accompanied Jacob Forney to Washington D.C. to be “examined by the government” about what he remembered. He married Mary Bilinda Snow of Carroll County, Arkansas. He later settled in Prescott, Yavapai County, Arizona, where he served as a deputy sheriff. He was reportedly the only one of the surviving children to visit Mountain Meadows as an adult. He died in 1912.⁵⁷ _{H, M, MS}
William Henry, 19 months. Until his recovery in 1859 he stayed in the home of the Elias Morris family and was blessed with the name Albert Morris on October 24, 1857. He eventually married Viney Harris and settled on Shoal Creek above Protem, Taney County, Missouri. He died in 1891.⁵⁸ _{H, M, MS}
Wilson, Richard, 27. He was from Marion County, Arkansas. According to family tradition he was going to the gold fields in California. Richard Wilson is the only known Wilson individual from Marion County, Arkansas; however, the present-day Wilson family believe their ancestor’s name was John Calvin Wilson.⁵⁹ _{H, M, MS}
Wood, Solomon R., 20. Brother of William Wood and brother-in-law to Charles Stallcup and James Larramore, two men sometimes associated with the company. He was probably hired as a drover.⁶⁰ _{H, M, MS}
Wood, William Edward, 26. Brother of Solomon Wood and brother-in-law to Charles Stallcup and James Larramore, two men sometimes associated with the company. He was probably hired as a drover.⁶¹ _{H, M, MS}
Others unknown.⁶²

Notes for Appendix A, Part I

1 See Lowell Bangerter, “Blessing of Children,” Encyclopedia of Mormonism, ed. Daniel H. Ludlow (New York: Macmillan Publishing, 1992), 268.

2 Sidney B. Aden to Brigham Young, March 14, May 30, 1859, Incoming Correspondence, Brigham Young, Office Files, Church History Library, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Salt Lake City, UT [hereafter cited as LDS Church History Library]; Brigham Young to S. B. Aden, April 27, July 12, 1859, Letterpress Copybook 5:116, 185, Young Office Files; “Information Wanted,” Salt Lake City Valley Tan, June 22, 1859; Josiah F. Gibbs, The Mountain Meadows Massacre (Salt Lake City: Salt Lake Tribune, 1910), 12; Tennessee, Henry County, District 1, 1850 U.S. Census, population schedule, 241; William Leany, Reminiscence, 1888, 21-22, LDS Church History Library; Ellott Willden, in Andrew Jenson, Interviews, January and February 1892, Archives of the First Presidency, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Salt Lake City, UT; Andrew Jenson, notes from discussion with Ellott Willden, ca. January 29-30, 1892, Mountain Meadows file, Andrew Jenson, Collection [ca. 1871-1942], LDS Church History Library; “Supposed to be Murdered in Mormondom,” San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, August 8, 1859. According to William Aden’s father, Sidney B. Aden, William stood six feet tall, was between 160 and 175 pounds, and had a fair complexion, blue eyes, and dark, curly hair. “Supposed to be Murdered in Mormondom.”

3 “Public Meeting of the People of Carroll County,” Arkansas State Gazette and Democrat, February 27, 1858; Mitchell to Greenwood, April 27, 1860, in Bureau of Indian Affairs, Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, Utah Superintendency Papers, National Archives Microfilm Publications 234, National Archives, Washington, D.C., microfilm copy at LDS Church History Library; Joseph B. Baines, William C. Beller, John H. Baker, and Irvin T. Beller, depositions regarding the property of George W. Baker, October 23, 1860, Papers Pertaining to the Territory of Utah, 1849-70, 36th Congress, Records of the Senate, RG 46, National Archives, Washington, D.C.; Clyde R. Greenhaw, “Survivor of a Massacre: Mrs. Betty Terry of Harrison Vividly Recalls Massacre of Westbound Arkansas Caravan in Utah More than 80 Years Ago,” Arkansas Gazette, Sunday Section, September 4, 1938; Sallie Baker Mitchell, “The Mountain Meadows Massacre—An Episode on the Road to Zion,” American Weekly (August 25, 1940): 15; P., October 29, 1857, in “Letter from Angel’s Camp,” Daily Alta California, November 1, 1857; Arkansas, Carroll County, Crooked Creek Township, 1850 U.S. Census, population schedule, 163B.

4 Greenhaw, “Survivor of a Massacre”; Elizabeth Baker Terry, in “I Survived the Mountain Meadow Massacre,” True Story Magazine, copy at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT; Mitchell, “Episode on the Road to Zion,” 10. The portion describing Mary being led off by some men is not included in Ralph R. Rea, “The Mountain Meadows Massacre and Its Completion as a Historic Episode,” Arkansas Historical Quarterly 16, no. 1 (Spring 1957): 34.

5 Mitchell to Greenwood, April 27, 1860, in Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Indian Affairs; Wm. C. Mitchell to Elias N. Conway, October 11, 1860, in James H. Carleton, Report on the Subject of the Massacre at the Mountain Meadows, in Utah Territory, in September, 1857, of One Hundred and Twenty Men, Women and Children, Who Were from Arkansas (Little Rock, AR: True Democrat Steam Press, 1860), 32; [Lt. Kearny], “List of the Children Saved from the Mountain Meadows Massacre,” Los Angeles Southern Vineyard, June 3, 1859; Terry, in “I Survived the Mountain Meadow Massacre,” 43–49, 94–96; Greenhaw, “Survivor of a Massacre”; Arkansas, Boone County, Crooked Creek Township, 1900 U.S. Census, population schedule, E. D. 26, sheet 2, 154; “Lives 83 Years after Surviving Massacre, Mrs. Martha E. Terry,” as published in Boone County Historian 11, no. 1 (1988): 58; Philip Klingensmith, testimony, United States v. John D. Lee, First Trial, Jacob S. Boreman Transcript, 3:21-22, 89, Jacob S. Boreman Collection, Huntington Library, San Marino, CA; Judy Gladden, “Baker Families,” Rootsweb’s WorldConnect, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:2231556&id=I118541379&printer_friendly (accessed July 7, 2008). “Betsy Whittaker” was blessed on October 24, 1857. Other children who were blessed with the names Maria Smith, blessed October 24, 1857, and Ellen Maria Smith, blessed in February 1858, are also likely to be surviving children of the massacre; however, there is not enough documentation to identify which specific children were blessed with those names. Cedar City Stake, Record of Children Blessed, 1856-1863, LDS Church History Library.

6 Mitchell to Greenwood, April 27, 1860, in Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs; Mitchell to Conway, October 11, 1860, in Carleton, Report of the Massacre, 32; Mitchell, “Episode on the Road to Zion,” 10–11, 15, 18; Kearny, “List of the Children Saved”; Arkansas, Boone County, Jackson Township, 1900 U.S. Census, population schedule, E.D. 22, sheet 11, 11B; Oklahoma, Tulsa County, Bixby Township, 1920 U.S. Census, population schedule, E.D. 201, 10A; Oklahoma State Death Certificate for Sarah Frances Mitchell, #14766, October 4, 1947, Muskogee, Oklahoma. John W. Bradshaw claimed Charles Hopkins had two of the surviving children. Only Sarah Francis Baker was recovered from his home in 1859. If the Hopkins did have another child, it was likely only temporary since Charles’ wife Lydia assisted Klingensmith in finding homes for the children. John W. Bradshaw, testimony, United States v. John D. Lee, First Trial, Boreman Transcript, 4:80; Philip Klingensmith, testimony, United States v. John D. Lee, First Trial, Boreman Transcript, 3:22.

7 Mitchell to Greenwood, April 27, 1860, in Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Indian Affairs; Mitchell to Conway, October 11, 1860, in Carleton, Report of the Massacre, 32; Kearny, “List of the Children Saved”; “W. T. Baker, Survivor of Famous Massacre, Dies at Leslie Home,” Marshall (AR) Mountain Wave, February 5, 1937; Jennifer Jones, “Arkansas Families,” Rootsweb’s WorldConnect, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:3079790&id=I592979133&printer_friendly (accessed July 7, 2008).

8 “Public Meeting”; “Extract from a Letter to the Editor, Dated Carroll Co., Jan. 5, 1858,” Arkansas State Gazette and Democrat, February 13, 1858; Jack Baker Holt, “One of the Baker Families of Carroll (Boone) County Arkansas,” transcript of tape, in Boone County Historian 5, no. 3 (Fall 1982): 162, 164; S. B. Honea, account, in “More Outrages on the Plains,” Los Angeles Star, October 24, 1857; Wm. C. Mitchell to A. B. Greenwood, April 27, 1860, Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Indian Affairs; Mary Baker, John H. Baker, John Crabtree, and Hugh A. Torrance, depositions regarding the property of John T. Baker, October 22, 23, 1860, Papers Pertaining to Utah; P., October 29, 1857, in “Letter from Angel’s Camp”; “The Mountain Meadow Mas[s]acre: Statement of Mrs. G. D. Cates, One of the Children Spared at the Time,” Arkansas Independent, August 27, 1875, reprinted in “The Mountain Meadow Massacre: Statement of One of the Few Survivors,” Daily Arkansas Gazette, September 1, 1875; B. G. Parker, Recollections of the Mountain Meadow Massacre (Plano, CA: Fred W. Reed, 1901), 4–6; “Mountain Meadow Massacre: The Butchery of a Train of Arkansans by Mormons and Indians While on Their Way to California, Related by One of the Survivors,” Fort Smith Elevator, August 20, 1897; Arkansas, Carroll County, Crooked Creek Township, 1850 U.S. Census, population schedule, 163B.

9 “Public Meeting”; “Extract from a Letter”; Mitchell to Greenwood, April 27, 1860, in Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Indian Affairs; Roger V. Logan, “The Mountain Meadows Massacre,” in Mountain Heritage: Some Glimpses into Boone County’s Past after One Hundred Years, ed. Roger v. Logan Jr. (Harrison, AR: Times Publishing, 1969), 26, 29; Arkansas, Carroll County, Crooked Creek Township, 1850 U.S. Census, population schedule, 163B. Abel Baker was likely the person identified as William Baker by Stephen B. Honea. Honea was told by Ira Hatch that “young Baker” was the emigrant who made it as far as the Muddy, but was eventually met by Hatch and killed. “More Outrages on the Plains”; C. F. McGlashan, “The Mountain Meadow Massacre,” Sacramento Daily Record, January 1, 1875; Carleton, Report of the Massacre, 24–26.

10 S. C. Turnbo, Ozark Frontier Stories, indexed by Carrie Basch (n.p., 1979), 1:138–39. John Beach is identified as John Burch in Logan, “Mountain Meadows Massacre,” 26.

11 William C. Beller and John H. Baker, depositions regarding the property of George W. Baker, October 23, 1860, Papers Pertaining to Utah; Mitchell to Greenwood, April 27, 1860, in Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Indian Affairs; Arkansas, Carroll County, Crooked Creek Township, 1850 U.S. Census, population schedule, 162.

12 Joseph B. Baines, William C. Beller, and John H. Baker, depositions regarding the property of George W. Baker, October 23, 1860, Papers Pertaining to Utah; Mitchell to Greenwood, April 27, 1860, in Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Indian Affairs; Arkansas, Carroll County, Crooked Creek Township, 1850 U.S. Census, population schedule, 162.

13 “Public Meeting”; Mitchell to Greenwood, April 27, 1860, in Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Indian Affairs; Malinda Cameron Scott Thurston, affidavit in support of H.R. 1459, October 15, 1877, 45^th Congress, 1^st Session, National Archives, Washington D.C., copy of transcript in LDS Church History Library; Malinda Cameron Scott Thurston, affidavit in support of H.R. 3945, December 18, 1877, 45^th Congress, 2^nd Session, National Archives, Washington D.C., copy of transcript in LDS Church History Library; Malinda Cameron Scott Thurston, deposition, May 2, 1911, Malinda Thurston v. The United States and Ute Indian, U.S. Court of Claims, no. 8479, in Selected Documents Relating to the Mountain Meadows Massacre, National Archives, Washington D.C., copy at LDS Church History Library; “Mrs. M. Thurston Has Passed Away,” Stockton Daily Evening Record, December 15, 1921; Arkansas, Carroll County, Crooked Creek Township, 1850 U.S. Census, population schedule, 159. The 1955 Harrison, Arkansas monument, (based on William C. Mitchell’s list of victims given in the April 27, 1860 letter to Greenwood), indicates that five children of William Cameron and his wife were killed in the massacre but does not give their names. Likewise, William Cameron’s niece Nancy Cameron is not mentioned on the Harrison monument.

14 Thurston, affidavit, October 15, 1877; Thurston, affidavit, December 18, 1877; Thurston, deposition, May 2, 1911, Malinda Thurston v. The United States and Ute Indian; John P. Shaver, affidavit in support of H.R. 3945, December 19, 1877, 45th Congress, 2^nd Session, National Archives, Washington D.C., copy of transcript in LDS Church History Library; Joel Scott, deposition, May 2, 1911, Malinda Thurston v. The United States and Ute Indian; “‘Children of the Massacre’ May Meet in Reunion,” Arkansas Sunday Post Dispatch, 1895, also found in Journal History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1857 supplement, p. 5–8, LDS Church History Library; Mitchell to Conway, October 11, 1860, in Carleton, Report of the Massacre, 32. The name Tillman was also spelled Tilghman.

15 Thurston, affidavit in support of H.R. 1459, October 15, 1877; Thurston, affidavit in support of H.R. 3945, December 18, 1877.

16 Iowa, Scott County, Davenport Township, 1856 Iowa State Census (Iowa: Census Board, n.d.), 646. A headstone inscription at Latimer Hill Cemetery, Bloomfield, Connecticut reads, “Wm. E. Cooper, June 4 1828. He and wife were murdered in Mountain Meadow Massacre-Utah, Sept. 11, 1857.”

17 “Public Meeting of the People of Carroll County”; Mitchell to Greenwood, April 27, 1860, in Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Indian Affairs; James Deshazo, Hugh A. Torrance, and Lorenzo D. Rush, depositions regarding the property of Allen Deshazo, October 23, 1860, Papers Pertaining to Utah; Tennessee, Hickman County, 1850 U.S. Census, population schedule, 45; “Genealogy Data,” Mountain Meadows Association website, http://www.mtn-meadows-assoc.com/Genealogy/dat15.html#10 (accessed August 2, 2008).

18 Mitchell to Greenwood, April 27, 1860, in Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Indian Affairs; James D. Dunlap, deposition, October 26, 1860, Papers Pertaining to Utah; “Butchery of a Train”; Parker, Recollections of the Massacre, 5; Roger V. Logan, “Wagon Train Kinships,” broadside of familial relationships of the Baker-Fancher emigrant party, September 9, 2001, copy located in Mountain Meadows Massacre Research Files, LDS Church History Library; Roger V. Logan Jr., “Mitchell,” in History of Boone County, Arkansas (Paducah, KY: Turner Publishing, 1998), 307; Arkansas, Johnson County, Mulberry Township, 1850 U.S. Census, population schedule, 129B. The Harrison monument indicates that six children of Jesse Dunlap and his wife were killed in the massacre but does not give their names. The three surviving children of Jesse Dunlap, however, are mentioned by name.

19 Albert Hamblin, statement, May 20, 1859, in Carleton, Report of the Massacre, 14; Jacob Hamblin, statement, in Carleton, Report of the Massacre, 8; [Peter Shirts], statement, ca. 1876, manuscript 3141, Smithsonian Institution, National Anthropological Archives, Suitland, MD; Jacob Hamblin, testimony, United States v. John D. Lee, Second Trial, Boreman Transcript, 1:94–98.

20 Her sister, Rebecca claimed that Mary was dressed all in white and sent with a white flag to meet with Mormon leaders previous to the final massacre. “Butchery of a Train.” Although several legends have persisted that a child was sent to meet the Mormons with a white flag, the testimonies of those who participated in the massacre state that it was one of the emigrant men, not a child. William Young, testimony, United States v. John D. Lee, First Trial, Boreman Transcript, 4:50–51, 5:205–6; Samuel Knight, testimony, United States v. John D. Lee, Second Trial, Boreman Transcript, 1:25; Samuel McMurdy, testimony, United States v. John D. Lee, Second Trial, Boreman Transcript, 1:34–35; “Lee’s Confession,” Sacramento Daily Record-Union, March 24, 1877; “Lee’s Last Confession,” San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, March 24, 1877; William W. Bishop, Mormonism Unveiled; or the Life and Confessions of the Late Mormon Bishop, John D. Lee; (Written by Himself) (St. Louis: Bryan, Brand & Co., 1877), 238; Nephi Johnson, testimony, United States v. John D. Lee, Second Trial, Boreman Transcript, 1:46; Nephi Johnson, affidavit, July 22, 1908, First Presidency Cumulative Correspondence, 1900-1949, LDS Church History Library; Nephi Johnson, affidavit, November 30, 1909, Collected Material concerning the Mountain Meadows Massacre, LDS Church History Library; Nephi Johnson, conversation with Anthony W. Ivins, September 2, 1917, typescript, Anthony W. Ivins, Collection, Utah State Historical Society, Salt Lake City, UT.

21 Mitchell to Greenwood, April 27, 1860, in Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Indian Affairs; Mitchell to Conway, October 11, 1860, in Carleton,Report of the Massacre, 32; Kearny, “List of the Children Saved”; J[ames] Lynch, statement, in “The Mountain Meadows Massacre: Surviving Children of the Murdered Fix the Crime upon the Mormons,” San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, May 31, 1859; James Lynch, affidavit, July 27, 1859, in U.S. Congress, Senate, Message of the President of the United States, Communicating, in Compliance witha Resolution of the Senate, Information in Relation to the Massacre at Mountain Meadows, and Other Massacres in Utah Territory, 36th Cong., 1st sess., 1860, S. Doc. 42, p. 83; Philip Klingensmith, testimony, United States v. John D. Lee, First Trial, Boreman Transcript, 3:89; Jacob Hamblin, testimony, United States v. John D. Lee, Second Trial, Boreman Transcript, 1:97–98; “Butchery of a Train”; Isabelle Minnie Evins Kratz, “The Mountain Meadow Massacre,” The Klingensmith Scrapbook, comp. Anna Jean Duncan Backus (1996), 161–64; Arkansas, Calhoun County, Polk Township, 1880 U.S. Census, population schedule, E. D. 21, 97; “Descendants of Joshua Wharton,” http://us.geocities.com/schiebert/gen006.htm (accessed June 19, 2008).

22 Mitchell to Greenwood, April 27, 1860, in Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Indian Affairs; Mitchell to Conway, October 11, 1860, in Carleton, Report of the Massacre, 32; Kearny, “List of the Children Saved”; Jacob Hamblin, testimony, United States v. John D. Lee, Second Trial, Boreman Transcript, 1:97–98; Census record for her married name and using a different given name, Eliza Linton, in Arkansas, Pope County, Liberty Township, 1880 U.S. Census, population schedule, E. D. 133, 17; “‘Children of the Massacre’”; Robyn Chambers Carr, telephone interview with David Putnam, January 16, 2002; “Descendants of Joshua Wharton,” http://us.geocities.com/schiebert/gen006.htm (accessed June 19, 2008).

23 Carleton, Report of the Massacre, 7–8, 12; Mitchell to Greenwood, April 27, 1860, in Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Indian Affairs; Mitchell to Conway, October 11, 1860, in Carleton, Report of the Massacre, 32; Wm. H. Rogers, “The Mountain Me[a]dows Massacre,” Valley Tan, February 29, 1860; Jacob Hamblin, testimony, United States v. John D. Lee, Second Trial, Boreman Transcript, 1:97–98; Kearny, “List of the Children Saved”; “A Romantic Marriage,” Southern Standard, January 4, 1894; Arkansas, Pulaski County, Big Rock Township, 1880 U.S. Census, population schedule, E. D. 148, 417; Arkansas, Calhoun County, Polk Township, 1900 U.S. Census, population schedule, E.D. 27, Sheet 9, 74; “Descendants of Joshua Wharton,” http://us.geocities.com/schiebert/gen006.htm (accessed June 19, 2008). While contemporary accounts and historical evidence suggest Sarah’s arm was broken from a musket ball, one family legend says Sarah’s arm was broken by an Indian arrow. Kratz, “Mountain Meadow Massacre,” 162.

24 Mitchell to Greenwood, April 27, 1860, in Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Indian Affairs; William C. Mitchell, deposition regarding the property of Lorenzo Dunlap, October 26, 1860, Papers Pertaining to Utah; Parker, Recollections of the Massacre,5; Logan, “Wagon Train Kinships”; Arkansas, Johnson County, Mulberry Township, 1850 U.S. Census, population schedule, 129B. The Harrison monument names L. D. Dunlap and five children as victims of the massacre without indicating their names. L. D. Dunlap’s wife is not identified as a victim on the same monument even though she is mentioned in Mitchell’s letter. Also, a Rachel and Ruth Dunlap are named by Frank E. King in Gibbs, Mountain Meadows Massacre, 13, and on the Harrison monument. There are no other known records of a Rachel or a Ruth Dunlap traveling with the Baker and Fancher companies.

25 Mitchell to Greenwood, April 27, 1860, in Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Indian Affairs; Mitchell to Conway, October 11, 1860, in Carleton, Report of the Massacre, 32; Kearny, “List of the Children Saved”; Texas, Mills County, Justice Precinct 2, U.S. Census 1910, population schedule, E.D. 206, 6A; “Koen Family Bible,” Austin Genealogical Society Quarterly 5, no. 4 (December 1964): 141; Mary C. Moody, 1890 Hamilton County, Texas Census: Uniquely Reconstructed & Annotated (Arlington, TX: Blackstone Publishing, 1996), 51; Cedar City Stake, Record of Children Blessed; Lorreta-Marie Dimond, “GeneHistHome Master File,” Rootsweb’s Worldconnect, http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=genehisthome2&id=I41415 (accessed July 7, 2008). In 1892, Cedar City resident Mary Campbell told historian Andrew Jenson that Samuel Jewkes’s family was given two children from the massacre. One of those children, a girl between seven and nine years old, reportedly pointed out her father’s killer and “afterwards disappeared.” Andrew Jenson, notes of discussion with Mary S. Campbell, January 24, 1892, Mountain Meadows file, Jenson Collection; Andrew Jenson, interview with Mary S. Campbell, January 24, 1892, Jenson Interviews. Contemporary records indicate the only child given to Jewkes was Prudence Angeline Dunlap. Because she was five years old at the time of the massacre and seven when she returned to Arkansas, she was likely the one Campbell remembered.

26 Mitchell to Greenwood, April 27, 1860, in Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Indian Affairs; Mitchell to Conway, October 11, 1860, in Carleton, Report of the Massacre, 32; Kearny, “List of the Children Saved”; Arkansas, Boone County, Sugar Loaf Township (Lead Hill) 1880 U.S. Census, population schedule, 608; “McWhirter,” Dallas Morning News, September 23, 1920; Philip Klingensmith, testimony, United States v. John D. Lee, First Trial, Boreman Transcript, 3:22, 89; Thomas T. Willis, testimony, United States v. John D. Lee, First Trial, Boreman Transcript, 4:34. John Bradshaw claimed one of the children was left at the home of “William Burbeck.” This is a reference to Richard Birkbeck since there was no William in Cedar City, and one of the children was recovered from Richard’s home. John W. Bradshaw, testimony, United States v. John D. Lee, First Trial, Boreman Transcript, 4:80; Cedar City Stake, Record of Children Blessed.

27 Gibbs, Mountain Meadows Massacre, 12.

28 Logan, “Wagon Train Kinships”; Holt, “One of the Baker Families,” 160, 161; Honea, account, in “More Outrages on the Plains”; “Silas Edwards,” Mountain Meadows Association website, http://www.mtn-meadows-assoc.com/silasedwards.htm (accessed September 18, 2013).

29 Alexander Fancher, affidavit, Thomas H. Fancher Family Files, Carroll County Historical and Genealogical Society, Berryville, AR; W. B. Flippin, in “The Tutt-Everett War,” in Earl Berry, ed., The History of Marion County (Marion County Historical Association, ca. 1977), 65-70; “Public Meeting”; Mitchell to Greenwood, April 27, 1860, in Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Indian Affairs; Parker, Recollections of the Massacre, 5; H. B. Fancher to James C. Wilson, August 2, 1885, James C. Wilson to J. P. Dunn, March 13, 1885, in Jacob Piatt Dunn Collection, Indiana Historical Society, Indianapolis, Indiana; California, San Diego County, 1850 U.S. Census, population schedule, 280, recorded March 1, 1851; Benton County, Arkansas, Book of Deeds, vol. D, p. 203, vol. E, pp. 56-57, film no. 1034925, LDS Family History Library; William Bedford Temple to Wife and Children, May 11, June 2, 1850, Oregon Historical Society, Portland, OR; Washington Peck, Diary, December 5, 1850, typescript, National Frontier Trails Center, Independence, MO; Johnson, affidavit, July 22, 1908, First Presidency Cumulative Correspondence. One family historian described Alexander Fancher as “a farmer, tall, slim, erect, of dark complexion, a singer, and a born leader and organizer of men.” William Hoyt Fancher, The Fancher Family, ed. William Carroll Hill (Milford, NH: Cabinet Press, 1947), 95–96; Burr Fancher, Captain Alexander Fancher: Adventurer, Drover, Wagon Master and Victim of the Mountain Meadows Massacre (Portland: Inkwater Press, 2006), xvi & 46.

30 Mitchell to Greenwood, April 27, 1860, in Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Indian Affairs; Mitchell to Conway, October 11, 1860, in Carleton, Report of the Massacre, 32; Kearny, “List of the Children Saved”; Fancher to Wilson, August 2, 1885, Wilson to Dunn, March 13, 1885, in Dunn Collection; Hill, Fancher Family, 96; Gibbs, Mountain Meadows Massacre, 41; “Marker Placed at Fancher Grave Site,” Harrison Daily Times (Arkansas), September 11, 2007; Annie Elizabeth Hoag, testimony, United States v. John D. Lee, First Trial, Boreman Transcript, 4:29; Arkansas, Carroll County, Osage Township, 1860 U.S. Census, population schedule, handwritten p. 201. Two and a half weeks after the massacre, Wilford Woodruff recorded in his journal that John D. Lee reported to Brigham Young he had two of the surviving children, one boy and one girl. Wilford Woodruff, Journal, September 29, 1857, LDS Church History Library. Mary Campbell claimed that John D. Lee had two of the surviving children. Andrew Jenson, notes of discussion with Mary S. Campbell, January 24, 1892, Mountain Meadows file, Jenson Collection; Andrew Jenson, interview with Mary S. Campbell, January 24, 1892, Jenson Interviews; Harmony Branch, Minutes, November 1, 1857, Huntington Library. During the time of his incarceration, John D. Lee believed that one of his fellow prisoners, a man named Richard Sloan who went by the alias “Idaho Bill,” was the boy he remembered as “Charley Fancher.” Although Sloan gave what was believed to be an eye-witness account from one of the surviving children, it was a fraud since the real Christopher “Kit” Carson Fancher died before the Sloan accounts were published. James C. Wilson, the husband of Kit Carson Fancher’s sister Triphenia wrote to verify that Richard Sloan was an imposter. John D. Lee to J. W. or Mary Baxter, November 10, 1876, HM 31207, John D. Lee, Collection, Huntington Library; John D. Lee to J. W. Baxter, January 21, 1877, HM 31206, Lee Collection; “I Survived the Massacre,” Salt Lake Tribune, October 31, 1875; “’Idaho Bill’: His Story of the Massacre at Mountain Meadows,” Daily Morning Call (San Francisco), May 29, 1877; James C. Wilson to Jacob P. Dunn, May 11, 1885, Dunn Collection.

31 Mitchell to Greenwood, April 27, 1860, in Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Indian Affairs; Mitchell to Conway, October 11, 1860, in Carleton, Report of the Massacre, 32; Kearny, “List of the Children Saved”; Wilson to Dunn, March 13, 1885, in Dunn Collection; “‘Children of the Massacre’”; Hill, Fancher Family, 96; Family group sheet, Carroll County Historical Society, Berryville, Arkansas; Arkansas, Carroll County, Osage Township, 1860 U.S. Census, population schedule, handwritten p. 201. She later claimed to have been given the name Annie while residing with the Mormons. Fancher to Wilson, August 2, 1885, Wilson to Dunn, March 13, 1885, in Dunn Collection.

32 Hill, Fancher Family, 53; Arkansas Tax records, 1821–84, Carroll County taxes for 1856, p. D-426, film no. 1954591, LDS Family History Library; Fancher, Captain Alexander Fancher, 94; Arkansas, Carroll County, Carrollton Township, 1850 U.S. Census, population schedule, 128. Both James Fancher and his wife Frances “Fanny” Fancher are notably absent from the 1860 and subsequent census records. “James Mathew, b. in 1832; killed in Mountain Meadow Massacre with his brother Robert and cousin Capt. Alexander Fancher.” Hill, Fancher Family, 53. According to a family tradition, after Alexander Fancher was killed in the early attacks, leadership of the wagon company was passed to his cousin James Mathew Fancher. Fancher, Captain Alexander Fancher, 110; Will Bagley, Blood of the Prophets: Brigham Young and the Massacre at Mountain Meadows (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2002), 145.

33 According to a family tradition published in Fancher, Captain Alexander Fancher, 94, Matt had become “entangled with a young lady named Fanny Fulfer. California seemed to be a safe distance from impending fatherhood.” Thus, according to that branch of the Fancher family, James Matthew Fancher and Fanny Fulfer were not married previous to the journey west and she did not accompany him.

34 Mitchell to Greenwood, April 27, 1860, in Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Indian Affairs; Hill, Fancher Family, 53; Arkansas, Carroll County, Carrollton Township, 1850 U.S. Census, population schedule, 128.

35 According to John Gibson, ed., History of York County, Pennsylvania (Chicago: F. A. Battey Publishing, 1886), part II, 20, Henry J. Gresly “had a brother killed in the Mountain Meadow massacre in Utah.” John Gresly was the most likely candidate of Henry Gresly’s brothers. According to an entry for John “Gressley,” York County, Pennsylvania, Court of Quarter Sessions, Dockets, Book G, April Session, 1851, pp. 137, 141, he was indicted for “malicious mischief”; Pennsylvania, York County, North Ward, York Borough, 1850 U.S. Census, population schedule, 2.

36 Gibbs, Mountain Meadows Massacre, 13, 32; Bishop, Mormonism Unveiled, 238–39. The name on the 1990 Mountain Meadows monument is (Thomas?) Hamilton listed under “Other Names Associated with the Caravan.”

37 Benton County, AR, Deed records, 1837-56, vol. D, 169, film no. 1034925, LDS Family History Library; “Lee’s Victims,” San Francisco Chronicle,March 23, 1877, also reprinted in “The Slaughtered Emigrants,” Daily Memphis Avalanche, March 31, 1877; “Public Meeting of the People of Carroll County”; Mitchell to Greenwood, April 27, 1860, in Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Indian Affairs; “Statement of Mrs. G. D. Cates”; “A Survivor of the Mountain Meadow Massacre,” Fort Smith Weekly New Era, February 24, 1875; Missouri, Dallas County, Dist. 26, 1850 U.S. Census, population schedule, 347B. The Harrison monument identifies the children of Peter Huff and his wife as Angeline, Annie, and Ephraim W., yet there seems to be no other record that those were the names of the Huff children.

38 Mitchell to Greenwood, April 27, 1860, in Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Indian Affairs; Mitchell to Conway, October 11, 1860, in Carleton,Report of the Massacre, 32; “Statement of Mrs. G. D. Cates”; “Survivor of the Mountain Meadow Massacre”; Kearny, “List of the Children Saved”; Thomas T. Willis, testimony, United States v. John D. Lee, First Trial, Boreman Transcript, 4:34; Arkansas, Yell County, Delaware Township, 1870 U.S. Census, population schedule, 547; Shirley Pyron, “Grave Found of Massacre Survivor,” Carroll County Historical Quarterly 52, no. 1 (March 2007): 6–10.

39 In the article “The Mountain Meadow Massacre: Statement of One of the Few Survivors,” Daily Arkansas Gazette, September 1, 1875, Nancy Sophrona Huff stated that she “had a sister . . . and four brothers that they killed.” The 1990 monument at Mountain Meadows and the 1999 memorial service program identified William Huff, Elisha Huff, and two other sons as victims of the massacre. The 1850 census records for the Huff family possibly identify the two other sons as John and James. See Missouri, Dallas County, Dist. 26, 1850 U.S. Census, population schedule, 347B. There is no known record of an Elisha Huff or a fourth Huff son, who is mentioned on the Mountain Meadows monument and in the 1999 memorial service program; however, there could have been an Elisha Huff. It should also be noted that one of the surviving children, Felix Marion Jones, was earlier identified as Elisha W. Huff. See J. Forney to C. E. Mix, May 4, 1859, in Senate, Message of the President, Doc. 42, p. 58. Later on, Forney refers to him as Ephraim W. Huff. J. Forney to A. B. Greenwood, August 1859, in Senate, Message of the President, Doc. 42, p. 79.

40 “Public Meeting”; Mitchell to Greenwood, April 27, 1860, in Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Indian Affairs; Francis M. Rowan, Fielding Wilburn, and Felix W. Jones, depositions, October 24, 1860, Papers Pertaining to Utah; P., October 29, 1857, in “Letter from Angel’s Camp”; Arkansas, Johnson County, Spadra Township, 1850 U.S. Census, population schedule, 161B.

41 The 1990 monument at Mountain Meadows and the 1999 memorial service program claim that the Jones child who died in the massacre was a daughter.

42 Mitchell to Greenwood, April 27, 1860, in Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Indian Affairs; Mitchell to Conway, October 11, 1860, in Carleton, Report of the Massacre, 32; Kearny, “List of the Children Saved”; Forney to Mix, May 4, 1859, in Senate, Message of the President, Doc. 42, p. 58; Forney to Greenwood, August 1859, in Senate, Message of the President, Doc. 42, p. 79; “F. M. Jones Died Tuesday Afternoon,” Lampasas (TX) Record, June 2, 1932; “Selected Families and Individuals,” Rootsweb, http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~shill957/pafg3944.htm (accessed July 21, 2008).

43 Francis M. Rowan, Fielding Wilburn, and Felix W. Jones, depositions, October 24, 1860, Papers Pertaining to Utah; “Public Meeting”; Arkansas, Marion County, 1850 U.S. Census, population schedule, 328B.

44 Mitchell to Greenwood, April 27, 1860, in Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Indian Affairs; Vicki A. Roberts and Mysty T. McPherson, Genealogies of Marion County Families, 1811-1900 (Yellville, AR: Historica Genealogical Society of Marion County Arkansas, 1997), 269; A Reminiscent History of the Ozark Region (Chicago: Goodspeed, 1894), 328; Floydene Sanders Gillihan, Moody, Tippit, McEntire, Patton, Milam (n.p., [1999]), 8; Arkansas, Marion County, 1850 U.S. Census, population schedule, 327. Lawson McEntire is likely the Lawson Mitchell identified on the 1955 Harrison, Arkansas monument. Ironically, his older brother, John, had traveled through Salt Lake City several years earlier. John was suffering from tuberculosis when he arrived and was nursed by the Mormons until he died. Gillihan, Moody, Tippit, McEntire, Patton, Milam, 8; Reminiscent History of the Ozark Region, 328; Genealogies of Marion County Families, 269.

45 Mitchell to Greenwood, April 27, 1860, in Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Indian Affairs; Thurston, affidavit, October 15, 1877; Thurston, deposition, May 2, 1911, Malinda Thurston v. The United States and Ute Indian; Kearny, “List of the Children Saved”; Arkansas, Crawford County, Mountain Township, 1850 U.S. Census, population schedule, 329; Sandra K. Ogle, The Miller Family in California: Being a History of Felix Grundy Miller, 1814–1892, and His Wife, Susanna Matilda Cisco, 1816–1875 (Baltimore: Gateway Press; Napa, CA: S. K. Ogle, 1985), 16–19. The Malinda Cameron Thurston’s depositions identified her brother-in-law’s name as Joseph or Joe Miller, but census and other records indicate his name was Josiah. The Harrison monument indicates that three children of Josiah Miller and his wife were killed at the massacre but does not give their names. Most sources indicate that the Millers had only four children, despite Lt. Kearny’s statement that John Calvin had two brothers, Henry and James, and three sisters, Nancy, Mary, and Martha. See Kearny, “List of the Children Saved.”

46 Alexander Wilson to Jacob Forney, June 27, 1859, in Senate, Message of the President, Doc. 42, p. 64; Editorial, Salt Lake City Valley Tan, June 29, 1859; Forney to Greenwood, August 1859, in Senate, Message of the President, Doc. 42, p. 79; Mitchell to Greenwood, April 27, 1860, in Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Indian Affairs; Mitchell to Conway, October 11, 1860, in Carleton, Report of the Massacre, 32; Kearny, “List of the Children Saved”; Annie Elizabeth Hoag, testimony, United States v. John D. Lee, First Trial, Boreman Transcript, 4:29–30; Utah and the Mormons: Speech of Hon. John Cradlebaugh, of Nevada, on the Admission of Utah as a State (Washington, D.C.: L. Towers, 1863), 20; Harmony Branch, Minutes, November 1, 1857; Arkansas, Carroll County, Carrollton, 1860 U.S. Census, population schedule, handwritten 722; “‘Children of the Massacre’ May Meet in Reunion”; J. Forney to A. B. Greenwood, November 2, 1859, in Senate, Message of the President, Doc. 42, p. 91; A. B. Greenwood to J. Forney, November 30, 1859, telegraph, in Senate, Message of the President, Doc. 42, p. 92; A. B. Greenwood to William C. Mitchell, December 12, 1859, in Senate, Message of the President, Doc. 42, p. 99. Malinda Cameron Scott Thurston’s affidavit of October 15, 1877 claimed that one of the Miller children who survived the massacre was named Alfred. It appears Malinda Thurston was likely referring to John Calvin Miller.

47 Mitchell to Greenwood, April 27, 1860, in Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Indian Affairs; Mitchell to Conway, October 11, 1860, in Carleton, Report of the Massacre, 32; Kearny, “List of the Children Saved”; Arkansas, Yell County, Galley Rock Township, 1860 U.S. Census, population schedule, handwritten 38. Haight family tradition claims that one of the surviving children was taken to the Haight’s home in Cedar City. The family called the child “Ann Marie” and described her as being “fair with yellow hair and blue eyes.” Many years later one of Isaac C. Haight’s grandsons, Isaac Perry met this now grown woman while he served a Church mission in Tennessee. If this story is true, than Mary Miller is the most likely child to be known as “Ann Marie.” “Mary Ann and Ann Marie,” Caroline Parry Woolley, Collection, Special Collections, Gerald R. Sherratt Library, Southern Utah University, Cedar City. Mary Miller may have been the girl blessed in February 1858 and given the name Lucy Kate Morris. Cedar City Stake, Record of Children Blessed.

48 Mitchell to Greenwood, April 27, 1860, in Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Indian Affairs; Mitchell to Conway, October 11, 1860, in Carleton, Report of the Massacre, 32; Kearny, “List of the Children Saved”; Wm. H. Rogers, “The Mountain Me[a]dows Massacre,” Valley Tan, February 29, 1860; Philip Klingensmith, testimony, United States v. John D. Lee, First Trial, Boreman Transcript, 3:89; Annie Elizabeth Hoag, testimony, United States v. John D. Lee, First Trial, Boreman Transcript, 4:29; Andrew Jenson, notes of discussion with Mary S. Campbell, January 24, 1892, Mountain Meadows file, Jenson Collection; Andrew Jenson, interview with Mary S. Campbell, January 24, 1892, Jenson Interviews; Harmony Branch, Minutes, November 1, 1857; Arkansas, Mississippi County, Chickasawba Township, 1870 U.S. Census, population schedule, 538B; Stanislaus County, California vital records, Certificate of Death for William Tillman Miller, May 10, 1940; “Last Survivor of Massacre is Called by Death,” Modesto Bee, May 10, 1940; Nancy Malejko, e-mail to Sidney Price, August 29, 2003. Young Joseph Miller was identified as Josiah Miller in Mitchell to Greenwood, April 27, 1860, in Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Indian Affairs.

49 “Public Meeting of the People of Carroll County”; “Extract from a Letter to the Editor, Dated Carroll Co., Jan. 5, 1858”; Mitchell to Greenwood, April 27, 1860, in Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Indian Affairs; William C. Mitchell to William K. Sebastian, December 31, 1857, as quoted in Logan, “Mountain Meadows Massacre,” 31; William C. Mitchell and Samuel Mitchell, depositions regarding the property of Charles R. and Joel Mitchell, October 22, 1860, Papers Pertaining to Utah; P., October 29, 1857, in “Letter from Angel’s Camp”; Logan, “Wagon Train Kinships”; Arkansas, Carroll County, Crooked Creek Township, 1850 U.S. Census, population schedule, 162B, 163B.

50 “Public Meeting of the People of Carroll County”; “Extract from a Letter to the Editor, Dated Carroll Co., Jan. 5, 1858”; Mitchell to Greenwood, April 27, 1860, in Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Indian Affairs; Mitchell to Sebastian, December 31, 1857, as quoted in Logan, “Mountain Meadows Massacre,” 31; William C. Mitchell and Samuel Mitchell, depositions, October 22, 1860, Papers Pertaining to Utah; P., October 29, 1857, in “Letter from Angel’s Camp”; Logan, “Wagon Train Kinships”; Arkansas, Carroll County, Crooked Creek Township, 1850 U.S. Census, population schedule, 162B.

51 Mitchell to Greenwood, April 27, 1860, in Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Indian Affairs; Arkansas, Marion County, 1850 U.S. Census, population schedule, 325.

52 Mitchell to Greenwood, April 27, 1860, in Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Indian Affairs; Arkansas, Marion County, 1850 U.S. Census, population schedule, 325.

53 Mitchell to Greenwood, April 27, 1860, in Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Indian Affairs; Lorenzo D. Rush and Hugh A. Torrance, depositions regarding the property of Milam Rush, October 23, 1860, Papers Pertaining to Utah; Arkansas, Carroll County, Carrollton Township, 1850 U.S. Census, population schedule, 126B; Arkansas, Carroll County, Carrollton Township, 1870 U.S. Census, population schedule, 419.

54 “Public Meeting”; Mitchell to Greenwood, April 27, 1860, in Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Indian Affairs; Francis M. Rowan and Fielding Wilburn, depositions, October 24, 1860, Papers Pertaining to Utah; Parker, Recollections of the Massacre, 5; P., October 29, 1857, in “Letter from Angel’s Camp”; Arkansas, Johnson County, Spadra Township, 1850 U.S. Census, population schedule, 161B (Sebron Tackitt appeared as Sebbyrn Tackitt in the 1850 census). Although modern memorials of the massacre use the name “Cynthia Tackitt,” original records from the 1850s refer to her as “Cyntha” or “Cintha.” The Harrison monument indicates that three children of “Cintha Tackett” were killed at the massacre but does not give their names. A total of eight Tackitt children possibly traveled with the Baker-Fancher Company. Two of those children, Pleasant Tackitt and Eloah Tackitt Jones, were married and are identified with their own families.

55 “Public Meeting of the People of Carroll County”; Mitchell to Greenwood, April 27, 1860, in Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Indian Affairs; Francis M. Rowan and Fielding Wilburn, depositions, October 24, 1860, Papers Pertaining to Utah; Arkansas, Johnson County, Spadra Township, 1850 U.S. Census, population schedule, 161B.The Harrison monument indicates that two children of Pleasant Tackitt and his wife were victims of the massacre. However, the only known children of Pleasant and Armilda Tackitt were Emberson Milum and William Henry, who survived the killing and returned to Arkansas.

56 Logan, “Wagon Train Kinships”; Ogle, Miller Family in California, 16–19.

57 Mitchell to Greenwood, April 27, 1860, in Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Indian Affairs; Mitchell to Conway, October 11, 1860, in Carleton, Report of the Massacre, 32; Kearny, “List of the Children Saved”; Philip Klingensmith, testimony, United States v. John D. Lee, First Trial, Boreman Transcript, 3:89; Thomas T. Willis, testimony, United States v. John D. Lee, First Trial, Boreman Transcript, 4:34; “‘Children of the Massacre’ May Meet in Reunion”; J. Forney to A. B. Greenwood, November 2, 1859, in Senate, Message of the President, Doc. 42, p. 91; A. B. Greenwood to J. Forney, November 30, 1859, telegraph, in Senate, Message of the President, Doc. 42, p. 92; A. B. Greenwood to William C. Mitchell, December 12, 1859, in Senate, Message of the President, Doc. 42, p. 99; Arkansas, Carroll County, Osage Township, 1860 U.S. Census, population schedule, 866; Barbara Baldwin Salyer, comp., Arizona 1890 Great Registers (Mesa, Ariz.: Arizona Genealogical Advisory Board, 2001), 318; Arizona, Coconino County, Williams Precinct, 1910 U.S. Census, population schedule, ED 22, sheet 13A; “Popular Pioneer Is Laid to Rest,” Prescott Journal Miner, June 15, 1912, typescript of article located at http://files.usgwarchives.org/ar/carroll/obits/t2300001.txt (accessed July 21, 2008). John W. Bradshaw implied that John M. Higbee had two of the surviving children, while only Emberson Milum Tackitt was recovered from his home. John W. Bradshaw, testimony, United States v. John D. Lee, First Trial, Boreman Transcript, 4:80–81. The Harrison monument named an “Ambrose Tackett” as a victim of the massacre, which is probably a mistaken name for Emberson Milum Tackitt who survived. He is identified as Miram Tackett in Mitchell to Greenwood, April 27, 1860, in Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Indian Affairs.

58 Mitchell to Greenwood, April 27, 1860, in Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Indian Affairs; Mitchell to Conway, October 11, 1860, in Carleton, Report of the Massacre, 32; Kearny, “List of the Children Saved”; “‘Children of the Massacre’ May Meet in Reunion”; Cedar City Stake, Record of Children Blessed; Arkansas, Carroll County, Osage Township, 1860 U.S. Census, population schedule, 866; “Mountain Meadows Survivor’s Buried in Protem, MO, Cemetery,” Ozarks Mountaineer (February 1975): 11; Missouri, Taney County, Big Creek Township, 1880 U.S. Census, population schedule, ED 125, 283B.

59 Mitchell to Greenwood, April 27, 1860, in Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Indian Affairs; Arkansas, Marion County, 1850 U.S. Census, population schedule, 323B; Margaret A. Butler, “Mountain Meadows Massacre Discussion,” http://www.rootsweb.com/~armarion/marioncoinfo/MMM.html (accessed April 4, 2007); Margaret Butler to Craig L. Foster, January 18, 21, 2004, email; Arkansas, Marion County, Union Township, 1860 U.S. Census, population schedule, 539; Logan, “Wagon Train Kinships.”

60 Mitchell to Greenwood, April 27, 1860, in Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Indian Affairs; Roberts and McPherson, Genealogies of Marion County Families, 469; Earl Berry, History of Marion County (Little Rock, AR: Marion County Historical Association, 1977), 273; Arkansas, Marion County, 1850 U.S. Census, population schedule, 320B. Solomon and William’s first cousin, William “Prairie Bill” Coker married Alexander Fancher’s first cousin, Arminta Fancher, thus making them distantly related by marriage.

61 Mitchell to Greenwood, April 27, 1860, in Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Indian Affairs; Roberts and McPherson, Genealogies of Marion County Families, 469; Berry, History of Marion County, 273; Arkansas, Marion County, 1850 U.S. Census, population schedule, 320B.

62 Jacob Hamblin, who re-interred the remains of those killed at Mountain Meadows the following spring, counted the remains of about 120 bodies, leaving about thirty victims unknown and unnamed. Jacob Hamblin, testimony, United States v. John D. Lee, Second Trial, Boreman Transcript, 1:86. The 1990 monument at the Mountain Meadows and the 1999 Memorial Service program indicate that one survivor of the massacre remained in Utah. Some recent accounts identified that child as Priscilla Klingensmith Urie, a daughter of massacre participant Philip Klingensmith. See Anna Jean Backus, Through Bonds of Love: In The Shadow of the Mountain Meadows Massacre (Orem, Utah: AJB Distributing, 1998); Brooks, Mountain Meadows Massacre, 104–5. However, recent DNA analysis of the descendants of Priscilla Klingensmith Urie have concluded that she was the biological daughter of Philip Klingensmith and his wife Betsy Cattle and not a member of the Baker-Fancher company. Ugo A. Perego and Scott R. Woodward, “Mountain Meadows Survivor? A Mitochondrial DNA Examination” Journal of Mormon History 32, no. 3 (Fall 2006): 45–53. Currently there is no extant evidence to suggest that any of the surviving children of the Mountain Meadows Massacre remained in Utah.